It refers to any abnormal bleeding from the uterus, which deviates in frequency, duration, or volume from a woman's typical menstrual pattern. It can occur due to various underlying factors and is a common concern in gynecological health. Here are detailed bullet points explaining AUB:
- AUB is characterized by irregularities in menstrual bleeding patterns.
- Types include heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), bleeding between periods (metrorrhagia), and unpredictable bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding).
Symptoms
- Prolonged or heavy periods require frequent changes of pads or tampons.
- Bleeding between periods.
- Menstrual cycles that are either less than 21 days or greater than 35 days in duration.
- Bleeding after menopause.
Causes
Hormonal imbalances:
- Fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone level contributes to the irregularities.
- Structural abnormalities: Uterine fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis, or endometrial hyperplasia.
- Medications: Certain contraceptives, anticoagulants, or hormonal therapies.
- Medical conditions: Thyroid disorders, bleeding disorders, or pelvic inflammatory disease.
- Pregnancy complications: Miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or molar pregnancy.
Risk Factors
Adolescents and women nearing menopause are at higher risk for certain health issues due to hormonal changes. Obesity disrupts hormone levels, while a family history of hormonal disorders increases susceptibility. High stress levels can also affect hormonal balance and contribute to these conditions.
Diagnosis
- Medical history: Detailed account of menstrual patterns and symptoms.
- Physical examination: Pelvic exam to assess for abnormalities.
- Laboratory tests: Blood tests to assess hormone levels or rule out bleeding disorders.
- Imaging studies: Ultrasound, MRI, or hysteroscopy to visualize the uterus and detect structural issues.
- Endometrial biopsy: Sampling of uterine lining for further investigation.
Treatment Options
- Hormonal therapy: Birth control pills, hormone-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs), or hormone replacement therapy.
- Non-hormonal medications: Tranexamic acid to reduce heavy bleeding.
- Surgical interventions: Endometrial ablation to remove the uterine lining, hysterectomy for severe cases.
- Management of underlying conditions: Treatment of fibroids, polyps, or other structural issues.
Prevention
- Regular gynaecological check-ups and screenings.
- Maintaining a healthy weight and lifestyle to regulate hormone levels.
- Prompt management of underlying medical conditions.
To summarize, recognizing factors such as hormonal shifts, obesity, genetic predisposition, and stress is essential for effectively managing and preventing abnormal uterine bleeding. Early intervention with personalized treatment strategies can lead to better outcomes and enhanced overall well-being for those affected.
